Water movement through the root zone has attracted an increasing interest during the last few decades. In this research, the spatial and temporal patterns of root water uptake were studied in the root zone of an apple tree. An important part of the root water uptake model is root length density which was measured by sampling soil cores in the one quarter of the root zone. A 2D model of root water uptake was established, which included root density distribution function, potential transpiration and soil water stress-modified factor. Root water uptake distribution was measured by an array of TDR probes and the model parameters were optimized, by minimizing the residuals between the measured and simulated data. Studies showed that the maximum root water uptake occurred at depth 10-30 cm. The results also showed an excellent agreement between the measured data and the simulated outputs, indicating that the developed root water uptake model was efficient and feasible.

In this study, with measuring water uptake in different soil layers, the role of different parts of root system in crop water supply during water stress conditions is characterized. Four cylindrical lysimeters with 25 cm diameter and 100 cm height were filled with clay loam soil. Soil columns were separated to 4 layers with 3 cm sand layers. Subsurface irrigation was applied with water stress patterns (decreasing number of layers which were irrigated from subsurface). Sand layers in each column which were preventing soil moisture exchange, could characterize the real role of each sub-layer root in water uptake when surface layers were under water stress. In this study root water uptake equation is corrected for water stress condition with presenting a compensation factor. With this corrected equation root water uptake in soil layers under water stress condition is investigated. The results showed that corrected equation determined root water uptake better than other equations in some conditions. Compensation factor is dependent on a plant factor (ji), that was determined with inverse optimization technique from root water uptake data in each lysimeter (it is calculated as 1.1, 1.87, 2.23 and 2.38 for lysimeters 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). This factor increased with increasing water stress severity. 

Fluctuations in soil moisture and salinity would often result in variation of root water uptake. In this study, separate and conjunctive effects of water and salinity stress were investigated for water uptake from two separate layers. Two levels of salinity (ECe) namely 1.0 and 3.8 dS/m and two levels of depletion of 30 and 60% for the available water were selected for this study. Each layer combined of a salinity level and a level of depletion of available water. Experiments were conducted in corn under open field conditions. For this reason, 16 treatments with 3 replications, and total of 48 lysimeters were selected. Soil profile was divided into two layers of 32 (up) and 48 cm (down). The uppermost layer layer was irrigated from surface irrigation method while the lower layer with a subsurface irrigation technique. Results showed that, the maximum water uptake appeared in layers with higher moisture contents and lower salinity levels. Lowering of water uptake in the upper layer could be compensated by lower layer to some degrees. In some treatments, even though water uptake was not compensated, however an increase in water stress in one layer resulted in higher water uptake in the other one. Adjustment of crops to new stress conditions resulted in the maximum uptake to be from the layer with minimum stress. This study revealed that compensation of water uptake occurs when adjacent layer would experience no stresses.

Background and Objective: T3 resin uptake test indicates the availability of thyroxin binding globulin (TBG), which is the carrier of a large amount of T3 and T4 in blood. We aimed to study the relationship between serum T3 Resin Uptake and serum lipids profile.Material and Methods: The participants aged 14.80±38.29 were both males (59; 29.5%) and females (141; 70.5 %). T3 Resin Uptake was measured by Immunoassay method and serum lipid profile components (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL) were measured by the kit. Results: Significant negative correlation was observed between serum T3 Resin Uptake and cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C (P£0.05), but that was not the case for HDL-C and VLDL.Conclusion: Serum T3 Resin Uptake can be evaluated to assess the risk factors related to cardiovascular disorders.

Root water uptake is very important in hydrological models. The main subject of this study was characterization the role of different part of root system in crop water requirement during water stress conditions. 11 cylindrical lysimeters with 25 cm diameter and 100 cm height were filled with clayloam soil. In the first group, soil columns were separated to 4 layers with 3 cm sand layers. In the second and third groups, there were 4 and 3 lysimeters, respectively. The first and second group, lysimeters were irrigated with subsurface method. Water stress was applied with decreasing the number of under subsurface irrigation layers. In the third group gravitational irrigation was applied on lysimeter 9 and 20 and 40 percent deficit irrigation on lysimeters 10 and 11 respectively. Sand layers in the first group (which were preventing soil moisture exchange) were used to characterize the real role of each layer's root in water uptake when surface layers been under water stress. Although the Root Length Density (RLD) in deep layers was lower than RLD in upper layers, Crop could increase its root activity in wet layers to uptake water and compensated water stress in dried parts of soil. Root water uptake in third group also showed that with increasing water stress because of deficit irrigation, the percentage of root water uptake from top layers was increased.

Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for root- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro Root MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro Root MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four root- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- rooted human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for root-end filling with gray Pro Root MTA, white Pro Root MTA, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. Root canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. Root- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the roots were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro Root MTA, White Pro Root MTA. Root MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested root- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that Root MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive root filling materials.

Current research with the purpose of applying the governing equations related to hydraulics of flow in plant root zone and use of modern technology in field measurements for measuring soil water content and soil suction of the plant root zone for continuous monitoring of relevant factors and smart management of irrigation system in order to optimized use of water consumption has been done. This research was carried out in Saeed Abad Gardens in Tabriz in two consecutive years, 1977 and 1998. Using a 20-channel data logger, the root zone was instrumented with soil moisture sensors and the soil moisture instantaneous data were transmitted to the server via the Internet, allowing online data viewing and data storage provided. In this study, by equipping the treatment under study to research drip irrigation system with ability of changing hydraulic parameters including controlling the discharge rate of different treatments and by continuously data logging, the actual soil wetting pattern and shape at different times obtained and the accuracy of the theories and experimental relationships were validated. Maximum absorption was at 20 cm depth and daily intake was calculated to be 30-50 liters. In this study, HYDRUS-2D software was used to simulate different scenarios. The most important issue in this software is to calibrate the governing equations coefficients. In this study, models related to root motion and absorption parameters were calibrated and validated based on accurate field measurements (RE = 2. 87 and NRMSE = 2. 14 %). Based on the results, water movement and plant consumption were calculated and presented. Accordingly, the results of matching the wetting pattern with the root zone of the plant were used to manage the system and ultimately save water consumption. The highest amount of water uptake was at 40 cm depth, which is 74% of the total water uptake. By controlling this soil profile, an intelligent irrigation system can be managed.

Introduction: Sugarcane cultivation has been revived in Khuzestan province of Iran since the 1960s and due to good results, it gradually began to grow from north to south of this region. Currently, sugarcane is cultivated in more than 100, 000 hectares of the provinceand almost 25% of the country needs for sugar arebeing produced in this region. Sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province are mainly rich in lime percentage and poor in organic matter and phosphorus. Soil pH in this region of the country also is about 8-8. 5 and phosphorus uptake by plants and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency in these soils (alkaline and calcareous soils) are expected to be low. The optimum use of phosphorus fertilizer and proper phosphorus uptake is essential for the quantitative and qualitative function of sugarcane plants. Due to the very low mobility of phosphorus in the soil, its uptake by plants such as sugar cane is affected by number of soil and plant factors (especially plant root characteristics). Changes in these factors can lead to a reduction or increase of P uptake by the crop. Materials and Methods: Because of the role of organic compounds in the improvement of mobility and phosphorus uptake, the use of organic material has been considered in many types of research. Organic compounds can play a direct and indirect role in plant factors and in phosphorous uptake improvement. In this regard, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 at Farabi Agro Industry Co, 35 km south of Ahvaz, Iran (48º 36' E, 30º 59' N). This research carried out by using three levels of humic acid (immersion of settes in three concentrations of 0, 0. 3 and 0. 5% of humic acid) as well as three levels of phosphorus fertilizer (triple super phosphate) 0, 50 % and 100% of the recommended amount in the region (250 kg/ha) in two different harvesting periods (45 and 90 days after planting). The experiment set up as a factorial, based on complete randomized design with three replicates. In this experiment, the effects of different levels of phosphorous fertilizers and humic acid on aerial part (shoot height, shoot dry weight), underground part (root length, root dry weight and root hair length), and also root CEC of sugar cane plant in two harvest times were studied. Finally, uptake and influx of phosphorus in different treatments were investigated. Results and Discussion: As the results show, although the range of the changes was different, the use of humic acid can improve almost all of these factors. Shoot height, shoot dry weight in humic acid treatments showed a significant increase in both harvests compared to non-used humic acid treatments and also in phosphorus fertilizer treatments as the fertilizer levels rose. These results show that humic acid can increase the uptake of phosphorus from the soil reservoir (treatments without phosphorus fertilizer) and source of soil and phosphorus fertilizer (phosphorus fertilizer treatments). The underground plant parts have also shown similar results. Root length and root dry weights have also been shown positive results in humic acid treatments. Therefore, an increase in phosphorus uptake in nonuse phosphorous fertilizer treatments or phosphorous fertilizer treatments, along with humic acid, relative to nonhumic acid treatments could be explained. The humic acid application seems to increase the uptake capacity of phosphorus from soil and fertilizer sources by increasing root length and root dry weight. In addition, the use of humic acid in alkaline soil can increase the solubility of phosphorus in water and therefore the phosphorus uptake by the roots of the plant could be increased. Based on the results, using humic acid due to improved phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency, phosphorous uptake by plant is expected to be increased and hence the fertilizer use would be reduced. Phosphorus influx results had not the same direction with uptake and application of phosphorus fertilizer. P influx results showed an inverse relationship with root length. In other words, phosphorus uptake was more dependent on the root growth. Conclusion: This study showed that it is possible to use humic acid in the practical form during the cultivating of sugarcane setts, but it seems that further research is needed to examine other important points such as the use of humic acid during plant growth season and other its application forms, such as spraying or application in irrigation water.